一段时间以来,参与近视管理的从业人员和研究人员都试图开发可用于日常实践的近视进展图表。
健康问题与伸展眼睛有关的风险是近视进展的主要关注点,导致研究对近视进展图表的发展的兴趣,这些图表可以由眼护理人员在日常实践中使用。
我们大多数人都熟悉婴儿和幼儿的身高和体重的百分位图表的概念,在这些概况中,将其进度与生长曲线进行了比较。能够以类似方式评估近视进展对从业者和患者都有益,因为它与其他年龄的其他儿童的平均水平进行了比较。
但是,孩子的身高和体重图和近视进度图之间存在很大的区别。儿童出生后不久就适合身高和体重百分点,并有望跟随一个百年组,只有在预计的增长模式偏离时才提出关注。当涉及到近视的眼睛生长时,我们首先需要确定孩子是否属于更危险的更高生长百分点,在这种情况下,积极寻求解决方案和补救措施,以推动他们追踪更低和更安全的眼睛生长百分点。
要完成所有这些事情,我们需要一种可靠的方法来确定哪些儿童有可能在最年轻的年龄处于最年轻的年龄,并在整个儿童期追踪眼睛的成长,以确定与认为安全的眼睛生长和近视的影响的任何不利差异控制干预措施。
轴向长度作为近视的预测因子
作为眼科医生,我们知道近视是多因素原因。有一个遗传方面1,2but a patient’s lifestyle also plays a part,3,4随着那些在室内花费更多的时间,后来有更高近视的风险。5轴向长度伸长与近视的增加密切相关的观点被广泛接受,并且为了比较孩子的进展而创建的许多图表都集中在轴向长度上的增加,这是由于这个原因的函数。6,7
Two recent studies which sought to create growth curves based on axial length and age were carried out in Europe (published online 2017)8和中国(2019年出版)(9)。两项研究均表明,轴向长度提供了可靠的预测因子,可以用来创建百分位增长曲线,并且与第50世纪以上的儿童相比,跌至50世纪以下的儿童变得近视的可能性较小。
欧洲研究
Tideman et al1报道了来自荷兰和英国的三项单独研究的结晶,每个研究都合并了。他们发现,在6至9岁的年龄之间,轴向长度的增加和近视屈光度误差紧密相连,并且所有百分位数组的轴向长度都会增加。那些处于或以上的人继续增加至少15年。作者表明,孩子的6岁年龄近视地位将对9岁的未来近视提供可靠的估计。与没有的人相比,那些患有近视的孩子的眼睛增长率是那些患有近视的孩子的两倍,而百分位定位的变化更高,与更多的近视机会有关。
中国研究
Diez et al9also found a similar trend in axial length growth where the fastest elongation was in the 6-9yr old group, before it slowed for the 9-15yr olds. There was an overall higher prevalence of myopia amongst the Chinese children compared to the European children. The authors found that this corresponded with a larger difference in the centiles of the Chinese 9-15yr olds compared to the European children in the same age group.
轴向眼长比较
The following table compiled by Diez et al shows the combined axial length findings from both studies that were used to create percentile growth curves.
Neither study felt that gender was a predictive factor. Tideman et al found no gender difference at aged 9 and that there was also no difference found in the adult cohort of their European study. Diez et al also felt that increasing myopia had much more of an association with age rather than gender. As an example, if we consider the 50th centile values for the European children, we can see that 6yr old girls had 22.06mm AL compared to 22.59mm for the 6yr old boys. For the Chinese children, the value was 22.54mm for the 6yr old girls versus 22.99mm for the 6yr old boys. There may be small differences here for gender, but the differences due to the ethnicities of the children are larger and already apparent at a young age.
随着儿童的年龄的增加,AL的差异增加了,9岁的欧洲女孩在第50世纪有22.79毫米,而中国9岁的女孩则为23.72毫米。到15岁的时候,欧洲男孩在第50个百分点显示23.65毫米,中国男孩的表现更长25.01毫米。
The biggest difference considering ethnicity here is apparent when you consider that a 15yr old European girl can be showing an AL of 23.15mm on the 50th centile, but a 9yr old Chinese girl has already hit this value on their 25th centile. The values are almost identical for the boys too: a 15yr old European presents with 23.65mm in the 50th centile and yet a 9yr old would have 23.70mm on their 25th centile.
| 年龄 | 百分位数 | 欧洲女性 | 中国女性 | 欧洲男性 | 中国男性 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6年 | 25 | 21.66 | 22.03 | 22.14 | 22.55 |
| 50 | 22.06 | 22.54 | 22.59 | 22.99 | |
| 75 | 22.49 | 23.04 | 23.01 | 23.5 | |
| 9年 | 25 | 22.33 | 23.16 | 22.83 | 23.7 |
| 50 | 22.79 | 23.72 | 23.31 | 24.32 | |
| 75 | 23.25 | 24.31 | 23.79 | 24.89 | |
| 15年 | 25 | 22.68 | 23.83 | 23.17 | 24.49 |
| 50 | 23.15 | 24.37 | 23.65 | 25.01 | |
| 75 | 23.65 | 25.2 | 24.21 | 25.8 |
These results do show that axial length increasing with age is a good indicator of future myopia. The Tideman study found that 354 children had fast axial growth and moved across more than 10 percentile growth groups between the age of 6 and 9yrs, and over 45% of them were then already myopic by 9yrs old. Those children that didn’t increase by more than 10 percentiles had less than a 5% myopic prevalence. The Diez study also found the same patterns with growth when they saw axial growth in all the percentiles above the first quartile. Growth also continues for 75% of those children and when they used a second cohort to verify the findings from the first group, they saw the chance of being a high myope increased during adolescence if the axial length was already above the first quartile.
这对临床实践意味着什么?
增长曲线的优势
这两项研究表明,拥有百分位生曲线以帮助预测孩子的最终近视是有价值的。当与年幼的孩子的父母讨论可能的近视时,它们提供了一种简单的视觉工具,与“平均”相比,它们可能随着年龄的增长而表现出可能的进展。
这些图表been developed to identify those at risk of high myopia later in life and who might benefit from managing that risk while they are young enough to get the maximum benefit from it. We can use growth curves to try and spot those who might progress early, which might be as early as 6yrs old according to both of these studies.
增长曲线的缺点
记住图表显示平均值也使我们受到了局限性。每个孩子都会有自己的个人进步,这将取决于父母的近视以及孩子如何度过的时间(例如,在户外度过的时间)。尽管这些方面会影响轴向长度的增长,但我们不确定哪个方面给出了最大的推动力,因此仅查看轴向长度只会就我们需要控制的东西提供一些图片。
根据儿童的种族,可以看出,如果使用亚洲数据的增长图表用于欧洲儿童,那么该孩子似乎在增长曲线上落后于增长曲线,近视可能会被低估。如果使用相反的方式使用它们,将会发生过度估计,在这种方式中,中国孩子似乎在短时间内大大超过了他们的小组并跳下了几个百分位数。
在这里使用相关的生长曲线将是关键,因此,在不同的国家和文化显示出不同的发作年龄和进步速度的情况下,请确保将孩子的年龄和种族考虑在内。
结论
这两项研究表明,我们了解孩子的轴向长度以及随时间变化是关键。使用增长曲线可以帮助我们根据其他儿童的发展将患者与“正常”进行比较,尽管我们不能确定孩子可能会多么紧密地遵循百分位曲线,但我们可以看到他们是否正在远离平均水平。
任何增长曲线都需要随着时间的方式进行更新,以允许一般人群中近视患病率的趋势,从而影响平均水平。例如,在过去的几十年中,近视的患病率一直在增加,预计到2050年,全球人口的48%以上将是近视(10)。在最近的过去,近视管理的吸收可能会增加,这可能会使未来的数据偏斜,因为儿童的轴向长度至少受到限制或受控。但是,这显然不会否定仍然存在的遗传影响。
The ultimate aim is to reduce the likelihood of high myopia for our young patients and so any tool we have at our disposal is valuable, even if it isn’t perfect. We can confidently add percentile growth curves based on axial length to our myopia management toolkits.
关于艾尔萨
AILSA LANE是位于英格兰肯特的隐形眼镜眼镜师。她目前正在以荣誉完成她的高级隐形眼镜实践文凭,这引发了她在理解科学研究并找到其对临床实践的翻译方面的兴趣和技能。
参考
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